Chapter+16

=Pages 332-334 - Namra =

What is intelligence?
It is an abstract concept that has many aspects to it and is hard to define definitively. Different levels of ability in a certain area result in different levels of intelligence.

 Exercise 16.1
Albert Einstein > - Brainy > - Maths literate > - Ability to create new theories
 * Intellectual skills

> - Our knowledge broadens as more theories are created on the basis of his theories > - His subject areas(mainly Physics and Maths) require large amounts of working mental capacity
 * Influence our understanding

Temples in Tikai, Guatemala > - Use of Applied physics without modern apparatus > - Talented architect > - Brainy > - Artistic > - Gifted > > - Looks appealing to the eye > - Monument an architect nowadays may look up to > - Application of hard work > > Game of Chess > - Use of Logic/ Probability [Maths] > - Requirement of high attention span > > - High levels of concentration needed > - Ability to think fast
 * Intelectual skills
 * Influence our understanding
 * Intelectual skills
 * Influence our understanding

Exercise 16.2

 * Gifted
 * Talented
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Problem solver
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Alert
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Studious
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Measure of intelligence: IQ tests, 2 theories
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Qualities of intelligence

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Exercise 16.3

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Computers without human input [works without feeding commands]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Basic hardware and Software exist, and everything else the computer invents on its own
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Independant
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Ability to create its own programs and builds itself

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Turing test is a test for intelligence in a computer, requiring that a human being should be unable to distinguish the machine from another human being by using the replies to questions put to both. If the judge was unable to determine which contestant was human and which was the computer, he suggested that the computer should be classified as intelligent. He saying that ifa computer could pass off as a human it should be intelligent backed this. Alan Turing, a famous mathematician and computer scientist, proposed it.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">CAPTCHA (a program or system intended to distinguish human from machine input, typically as a way of thwarting spam and automated extraction of data from websites) is the modernized version of distinguishing a human from a computer and is derived from the Turing test. This test is often seen on the web for verification and identity purposes. On the web, they are seen in places like forums or when creating a new account for something. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">CAPTCHA is an abbreviation for completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart. Nowadays, they are used to prevent spams.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">An example of captcha is shown below

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">As seen in the figure, CAPTCHA is legible to a human being but a computer will face difficulties reading it because humans can read distorted text but current computer programs cannot.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Examples of impossible CAPTCHA's

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Deep blue and Watson example page 333

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Artificial intelligence refers to systems that simulate intelligence through a series of quite rigid facts or rules. Its focus is to create a human like intelligence appearance even if the intelligence is differed vastly when compared to humans. It focuses on one area of knowledge rather than a series of generalizations.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Computational intelligence focuses on creating systems that think in the same way of humans think. It focuses on creating systems that can learn, develop and reach optimal solutions based on past experience, similar to humans.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Exercise 16.4
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">a) The book contains the chinese symbols <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">b) THe computer wouldn't know chinese, the humans who know chinese would feels the computer <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">c) Yes, if they are familiar with the language and no, it they are not. The textbook and the room are inanimate objects. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">d) It does matter because the knower would be required to understand the words, and they can only do this if they understand chinese.

=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Pg 335-342 - Mohamed Selim =

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">What is an expert system?
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">A computer application that performs a task that would otherwise be performed by a human expert. For example, there are expert systems that can diagnose human illnesses, make financial forecasts, and schedule routes for delivery vehicles. Some expert systems are designed to take the place of human experts, while others are designed to aid them. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Expert systems are part of a general category of computer applications known as artificial intelligence. To design an expert system, one needs a knowledge engineer, an individual who studies how human experts make decisions and translates the rules into terms that a computer can understand. (For boolean logic)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Components of an expert system?

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Expert system shell: set of program that allow to build an expert system.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">User Interface: questions to the user and accepts inputs from them.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Knowledge base: data and facts which form the knowledge in the specific knowledge domain. e.g. symptoms for illnesses in medical expert systems.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Inference engine: Matches the user's input from the user interface with the data contained in the knowledge base to find appropriate answers.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Advantages of expert systems: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Disadvantages of expert systems:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Provides consistent answers for repetitive decisions, processes and tasks
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Holds and maintains significant levels of information
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Encourages organizations to clarify the logic of their decision-making
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Never "forgets" to ask a question, as a human might
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Can work round the clock
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Can be used by the user more frequently
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">A multi-user expert system can serve more users at a time
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Lacks common sense needed in some decision making
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Cannot make creative responses as human expert would in unusual circumstances
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Domain experts not always able to explain their logic and reasoning
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Errors may occur in the knowledge base, and lead to wrong decisions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Cannot adapt to changing environments, unless knowledge base is changed

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Decision tree
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">This can include boolean logic which includes only to answers. e.g. 1 or 0/ yes or no. This is a very simple and concise way to arrive at an answer but this system enables the user to arrive at a limited amount of results.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Many decisions include the boolean logic but they move further than one answer. For example, medical diagnosis systems would try to find out what is wrong with you by asking many questions. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Example, http://www.myelectronicmd.com/.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Inference Rules
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">E.g.:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">IF X has gills THEN X is a fish <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">IF X is a fish THEN X lives in water <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">IF X lives in water THEN X can swim

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Fuzzy Logic

 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">A form of algebra employing a range of values from "true" to "false" that is used in making decisions with imprecise data. The outcome of an operation is assigned a value between 0 and 1 corresponding to its degree of truth. Fuzzy logic is used, for example, in artificial intelligence systems. This logic can consider two answers to be the same. ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Searching
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">This is when some users are looking for specific data. Searches depend upon the software used and the available computing power. Power is needed because filtering the large amount of data requires speed and accuracy.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Natural Language Processing
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of a computer program to understand human speech as it is spoken. NLP is a component of artificial intelligence.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Neural Networks
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">A computer system modeled on the human brain and nervous system.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Examples of some expert systems:

> > **Pages 43-47** **Sarah**
 * http://www.20q.net/
 * http://translate.google.com/
 * http://www.goriya.com/flash/tictactoe.shtml